Opponents of affirmative action might argue that it is unfair or reverse discrimination to grant special privileges to one group of people, while disregarding the qualifications of others. They may also argue that affirmative action programs are ineffective and lead to long-term negative effects on the recipients. Finally, they may argue that affirmative action programs hinder true diversity, as they employ predetermined quotas.

Explanation

The answer given above provides a comprehensive overview of the arguments made by opponents of affirmative action. It is important for students to understand these arguments, as they are often used to oppose the implementation of affirmative action policies.

It is also important for students to understand the consequences of these arguments, as they can have serious implications for the individuals and groups who are adversely affected by affirmative action. For example, an individual who is denied a job opportunity because of their race or gender may feel a sense of injustice, or may be unable to provide for themselves or their family.

In addition to understanding the arguments and implications of affirmative action, students should also be aware of related topics, such as the history and development of affirmative action policies in the United States, the impact of affirmative action on society, and the current legal landscape surrounding affirmative action. By learning about these topics, students can gain a better understanding of the role that affirmative action plays in today’s society.